I would like that the game sometimes place traps where you are going to go based on your velocity. This would make it so you have to always be moving, and keep the game fast paced. Any ideas?
Do just that? You said it yourself: based on the velocity. Get the player velocity and use it for your predictions.
I have a basic idea of what I want to happen, but I’m not sure how to put it into code . . .
Start simple, but you will probably need to implement a lot of little improvements to make it feel right.
Based on the velocity vector, either place an object where you expect the player to be after x seconds, or normalize the velocity vector and place an object in y meter distance from the player based on his movement direction.
From there its about making the system feel less clunky - for example by averaging the velocity over the last seconds, or even using some heuristic to more accurately predict the movement in the future.