Hi, I"m familiar with debugging on the PC, but still quite naive as to how to go about it on the iPhone. Can anyone point me towards any good resources concerning this? Thanks!
It depends on what code you want to debug.
Objective-C code like AppController.m or your own source will be debugged in XCode like any other iPhone project.
Your C#/JS code can only be debugged using Unity-Remote. It is for free and I tested it successfully with a small project when I started few months ago. But I would recommend doing as much as possible within the Unity-Player. After exporting an iPhone version you can set your screen resolution in the player to different iPhone specific settings. Works pretty good.
If searching for further resources use Unity3d “unity Remote” as search phrase because there is another app with the same name.