How would I detect if an object passes through another object without them colliding
https://xyproblem.info/
What is it you are actually trying to do? Do you want to prevent that from happening? If so, what is the use-case that causes this to happen for you? Fast moving bullets? You can do continuous collision detection instead of the default. Is a bit more performance heavy, but should prevent things from passing through colliders without being registered.
You can use Trigger Colliders.
Just set one of the colliders as a Trigger, and you will get OnCollisionEnter/Exit/Stay events without them physically bumping each other.