I’m not sure this question is directly related to unity, but since you’re asking about Mathf I’m letting it slide although a mod may disagree.
However, in regards to your question, I don’t think you’ll find a one-size-fits-all "damage reduction calculation in Mathf. I would instead suggest looking at the calculations used in other games for ideas. I know for example that the WoW mechanics are readily available.
Since your progressing isn’t really described very detailed (only 3 sample points) it’s impossible what progression you actually want. It might be a solution to just use an AnimationCurve and define your desired curve there. Just add a public variable of type AnimationCurve to your script and you should be able to edit the curve in the inspector.
Keep in mind that the “input value” is the x axis and the “output value” the y axis.
If you really need a math formula you have to be more precise on your progression / asymptotes of your desired curve.