I want my player to be shot/moved forward in the direction an object is facing once he steps on it. How do I do that?
You could try an AreaEffector2D:
https://unity3d.com/learn/tutorials/modules/beginner/5-tutorials/area-effector-2d?playlist=17093
Really there are infinite ways you could accomplish this! However, AreaEffector2D seems like one of the simplest ways to accomplish what you described in your question.