I'm only getting this error when I try to compile for Android phone. It handles compiling for Windows just fine.

I tried following the directions at “When trying to build for an android game, I get "Failed to re-package resources. See the Console for details." - Questions & Answers - Unity Discussions”, but those did me no good. The inability to compile still exists.

Can someone help me figure out what’s wrong?

There was an issue with Unity and Android build tools v24.0.0 (on Windows only, i believe).
See this similar question on the Unity forums as well: http://forum.unity3d.com/threads/cannot-build-an-apk-file.428534/#post-2770278

The solution is to update your Android SDK installation (using the SDK Manager). you should install a newer version of build tools and the build should run fine.