I am having a very strange issue in that the built-in MonoDevelop script editor is not installed. There is not MonoDevelop folder in the Unity directory, but in the preferences it shows that it should be using MonoDevelop (built-in) as the external script editor.
I have downloaded versions 4.5.5 and 4.5.1, and I still get this issue. I am using Windows 7, which I have downloaded Unity for before without an issue.
I have read in other topics similar to this one that downloading MonoDevelop by itself really does not help.
The issue was being caused by another application at run time. The application was not allowing the Unity installer to run the MonoDevelop and .NET installers.