So I can’t lock, rename or disable anything in my scene.
What can I do to solve this?
This is the Inspector. You do not rename anything in there, to rename you do so via the Scene Hierarchy view. Also locking objects is done via Scene view using the eye and hand symbols for viewing and picking.
You can click the checkbox in the Inspector to deactivate the object. Does this not work? The checkbox doesn’t look disabled. The lock icon in the Inspector is to prevent the Inspector from changing when you select different objects.
What? You can absolutely rename game objects via the inspector.
No, it isn’t. It’s a Debug window. Well, technically it is an inspector window, but in debug mode. 
So, here is a screenshot:
On the left, it’s is your regular, every-day Inspector. You can rename(!), tick and everything. It will change your game object as expected.
On the right it’s the Debug view. It is a summary of publicly viewable and non-viewable (hence debug) values regarding the game object. Most of the things are editable here, except for a couple. Like name and the enabled status.
Solution: switch back to “normal” inspector mode by right click on the tab and select “Normal” in the menu.
More info: https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/InspectorOptions.html
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Thanks for the help! I didn’t even notice that it was in debug mode
You’re right, the GameObject can actually be renamed (I just never use that). I had the components in mind.