When a UWP Build is created (Unity 5.2, VS2015, Win10), the UWP project attempts to load the Assembly-CSharp-firstpass-uwp.csproj and Assembly-CSharp-uwp.csproj files from the original (source) Unity project folder. This doesn’t work if the VS project is build on another computer.
To expand, this will only happen when you check “Debugging C# projects” when building. That option is designed for rapid prototyping, and is only supported when you’re building on the same machine.
If you’re transferring the built project to another machine, uncheck that option before building from Unity.