If I make a simple scene with a slider and an object with a float callback, when I try and assign the callback in the slider inspector, there is no section for “Static Parameters” and “Dynamic float” so no way to get the value. I tried it on Linux and it works fine. Hacky workaround is to pass the slider itself rather than the value.
Same issue on 2019.2.6f1. You should post a report to the bug tracker since you already have a sample scene.
Also, an easier workaround should be to switch to the Debug view of the Inspector and assign it there, while setting the Mode to “Event Defined”, like so: