The particle animation colors are done with vertex colors. It’s not a single color that you set somewhere; every quad must be colored individually, so it uses the vertex colors.
Check out some of the built-in shaders for particles. You’ll notice that they use “primary” in texture combining statements. Primary refers to vertex colour, which, when not using vertex lighting, is set directly in the mesh data. ParticleRenderers colour the vertices of each particle for you according to the animation function, so you just need to include primary in your colour calculations.