The trampoline effect is just that the more force there is on the object, the more force the trampoline will apply back.
You can consider at rest the trampoline gives:
force *= 0.8f
so that your guy slowly stops.
Now you can have an acceleration stage where the trampoline gives:
force *= 1.2f
Finally, if not resting nor accelareting then you just use force as 1.
The force is used to send the guy back up:
rigidbody2D.AddForce(transform.up * force);
Your guy will naturally go higher and higher, so you may want to clamp the force so that it gets to a max height (you can define that value based on mass, height of player, skills).
The rest is just visual effect where you stretch the trampoline up and down.