Check your system date/time settings are correct - if these are incorrect the license server security certificate will be rejected - solved the issue for me.
The issue is because the installation can’t open the License browser window, which is required to allow the user to choose a license file type to be generated on their system.
In my case, a rogue app called BrowserSafeguard was installed with some other installation. After BrowserSafeguard app was uninstalled, and the Unity install exe was moved to a folder outside of the typical Internet Downloads folder. Then the Unity3D install ran perfectly.
I’d like to thank Ben Stoneman from Unity support for his patience as I ran him through the wringer troubleshooting this issue.
Manual activation from the editor cannot work if the problem is preventing you from launching the editor in the first place. What do you do in that situation?
EDIT in response to Kadaan: Thanks for the reply. Unfortunately, I tried disabling my network interface, and it isn’t helping. When I do, it doesn’t even make it to the license activation window. It just shows a popup saying “Failed to re-activate - there was a problem connecting with the license server” and quits on OK.