WebGL build failure: Mono.Cecil.ResolutionException: Failed to resolve UnityEngine.Profiler

I’ve suddenly encountered build failures with my WebGL game on Unity 5.5.0f3. The error used to not occur with Unity 5.4.3f1, but for some reason, even when I rolled back my Unity version, I still have this error:

stdout:
SweepReport:
System.RuntimeType => Mono.Cecil.TypeDefinitionMono.Cecil.TypeDefinitionMono.Cecil.TypeDefinitionMono.Cecil.TypeDefinitionMono.Cecil.TypeDefinition
Mono.Cecil.MethodDefinition => System.Void .ctor()System.Void .ctor(System.String)System.String get_Comment()System.Void .ctor()System.Boolean get_CanTransformMultipleBlocks()
Mono.Cecil.FieldDefinition => System.String commentSystem.Func`3<System.Int32,System.Int32,System.Int32> <>f__am$cache0System.Func`3<System.Int64,System.Int64,System.Int64> <>f__am$cache1System.Func`3<System.Double,System.Double,System.Double> <>f__am$cache2System.Func`3<System.Single,System.Single,System.Single> <>f__am$cache3
Fatal error in Mono CIL Linker
Mono.Cecil.ResolutionException: Failed to resolve UnityEngine.Profiler
   at UnusedBytecodeStripper2.AddUnresolvedStubsStep.Process()
   at Mono.Linker.Steps.BaseStep.Process(LinkContext context)
   at Mono.Linker.Pipeline.Process(LinkContext context)
   at Mono.Linker.Driver.RunDriver(Driver driver, IEqualityComparer`1 typeComparer, IEqualityComparer`1 methodComparer)
stderr:

I suppose the important part here is Mono.Cecil.ResolutionException: Failed to resolve UnityEngine.Profiler.

Disabling Strip Engine Codealso doesn’t help. Any ideas on how this can be fixed? Thanks!

The error was caused by a DLL made obsolete by Unity 5.5.0f3. Deleting the Library folder to force a reimport of everything fixed it.