WebGL Publish Error: ManagedStripped failed, Mod the Cube in Junior Programmer

Trying to publish my Mod the Cube project in order to move on in my Junior Programmer pathway, but keep getting an error message every time I try to publish my WebGL project. It seems as though it gets through most of the build, then doesn’t finish and comes up with this error message in the Editor:

Currently using LTS 2022.3.42f1 and even tried to open with 2022.3.38f1, and popped up with the same error message during build. I can’t move on in my pathway until I get this published :tired_face: Any helpful advice on fixing would be greatly appreciated!