See this thread:
http://forum.unity3d.com/threads/210960-Raycast-with-sprites
But basically, if you just want to click the mouse directly on an object and have the raycast hit it, this should work:
RaycastHit2D hit = Physics2D.Raycast(Camera.main.ScreenToWorldPoint(Input.mousePosition), Vector2.zero);
if(hit.collider != null)
{
Debug.Log ("Target Position: " + hit.collider.gameObject.transform.position);
}
The Raycast point needs to be in world coordinates, and setting a distance vector of zero means that it will only intersect with the object immediately under the cursor.