In case there was no solution, quality settings can also affect textures and shaders (Project Settings → Quality → Levels at the top).
I was running into some similar issues (textures, shaders, post-processing not working in my build vs editor). The missing shaders led down this same rabbit hole of Addressables or globally including shaders in the build (two things I hadn’t touched before). But the lack of post-processing kept me thinking it was something else. Turns out at some point the project’s quality settings were set to the lowest value, and there’s a separate setting for the build vs the editor. Setting it back to the highest setting fixed my build issues.