It doesn’t change anything as long as the sprite sheet does not try to expand the texture bigger than this. Since it is currently satisfied to hold all sprites within 1024x1024 the max size setting has no effect .. yet.
I think if there’s too many sprites to fit into 2048x2048 you will get logs in the Console telling you so, or warnings in the Sprite Atlas Inspector, or both.
Also in relation to this, Unity 6.3 will have a Sprite Atlas Analyzer: